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Along with specifying the surface roughness with Ra (average roughness), one must establish the cutoff lengths used to measure the surface. A specification of Ra alone is inadequate, since measurement

The terms “roughness,” “waviness” and “form” are used everywhere in discussions of surface texture. But do we really understand how they are defined? For many years I have used an

How is sliding friction affected by the surface texture of two dry parallel sliding surfaces? The relationship of dry (sliding) friction to surface texture is linked to the notion of

When an invention is in an esoteric field, such as tribology or surface metrology, it is especially important for the inventor to assist the patent attorney in understanding the novel